Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 32

Summary - Essay Example Loneliness is one of the themes which have been put forward by Robert Frost in this poem. According to him loneliness is practiced by everyone in this world and everyone wants his or her privacy. And in his view some people consider this privacy and loneliness to be good for relationships. As it can be seen in the poem that the neighbor of the speaker states Good fences make good neighbors which means that limits and boundaries to every relationship is good for its nourishment. The speaker and his neighbor are seen to be building walls over their lands so that they cannot see each other and maintain a limit to their relationship. Tradition is another theme which has been given forward by Robert Frost in Mending Walls. As it is written in the passage â€Å"to walk the line / and set the wall between us once again† and â€Å"will not go behind his father’s saying ... ‘Good fences make good neighbors.† Both these quotes clearly show how tradition is being followed by both the narrator and his neighbor over these years. The narrator however insists over breaking this tradition but the neighbor is following his father’s saying and repairing the fences every year. The narrator believes that the boundaries between him and the neighbor are useless as no such quantitative property is kept in thes/e regions. But even in the end it can be seen that the neighbor does not break the traditions and repairs the fences anyways. It can be derived from this poem that traditions are still important to the people of this world no matter what. These traditions are not to be broken in any case even if it disturbs the peace of this world. Nature also plays its role in the theme of this poem. As it can be seen in the passage â€Å"Something there is that doesnt love a wall†. Here something is meant to be nature and its power on the human bond in this world. It is clearly seen in the poem that whenever the narrator and neighbor build the wall it is destroyed by nature so that

Business Law - Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Law - - Case Study Example An "offer" in the context of contract law has been described as "an expression of willingness to contract on certain terms, made with the intention that it shall become binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it is addressed, the "offeree.3" The "expression4" may take different forms and Hard Water's original quotation will satisfy this requirement. The intention element is an objective consideration and the case of Smith v Hughes 5emphasised the relevant consideration as being a focus on how a reasonable person would view the situation. Furthermore, the law distinguishes between an offer and an invitation to treat, which is not an offer but an indication of willingness to negotiate a contract6. For example, in the case of Gibson v Manchester City Council7, the words "may be prepared to sell" constituted an invitation to treat and not a distinct offer. Furthermore, valid acceptance in law follows a valid offer and the formation of a contract follows immediately. Moreover, a valid acceptance is a final and unqualified acceptance of an offer as demonstrated in the case of Peter Lind Limited v Mersey Docks & Harbour Boar,8 highlighting the "mirror image" rule, where acceptance must be unequivocal and unconditional, therefore acceptance must "mirror" the offer. With regard to the current scenario, the issue in c... With regard to the current scenario, the issue in contention is whose terms are applicable to the contract. Contractual negotiations particularly in the context of quotations and bids for, will often involve several exchanges between the commercial parties involving offers and counter offers9. The case of Hyde v Wrench10 established that a counter offer brings an end to the original offer. However, the "battle of the form" creates real problems in practice11. The difficulty with this as evidenced with the current situation is determining the exact terms of the eventual contract. Indeed "Chitty on Contracts" underlines this problem and concludes: "Thus it is possible by careful draftsmanship to avoid losing the battle of the forms, but not''.. to win it. The most that the draftsman can be certain of achieving is the stalemate situation where there is no contract at all12." Despite the possibility of conflict in the current situation as to the exact terms of the contract, there is clearly a contract between Doors Software and Hard Water by virtue of course of conduct13. However, to clarify the issue of whose terms are applicable, the courts have adopted the "last shot principle", which was established in the case of Butler Machine Tool Co -v- Ex Cell-O-Corp14 . According to this principle, the presumption is that the last offer which has been accepted without qualification will be determined as covering the conditions of the contract. In the current scenario, Hard Water returned and acknowledgment slip incorporating the terms and conditions of Doors Software Limited and on a strict interpretation of the "last shot" principle, this would suggest that the contract was concluded on Doors Software's terms

Front suspension system of motorcycle

Front suspension system of motorcycle CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 AIMS The main aim of this project is to Design and analyse of a front suspension system of motorcycle. The designing and modelling of the fork is done using Pro-Engineer (wildfire-4) and Stress analysis is undertaken by Ansys 11 softwares. 1.2 OBJECTIVES To get aware of deformations caused due to application of brakes to the fork of the front suspension system; To demonstrate detailed view of functioning of fork ; To show existence of various kind of front suspension systems used in motorcycles; Evolution of front suspension systems; To verify the benefits and the flaws of different front suspension systems, used right from the old age to modern age; To illustrate how the motorcycle keeps its balance and analyzing the factors that come into play while riding; Application of vibration modes, on suspension system of a motorcycle while riding. 1.3 INTRODUCTION TO MOTORCYCLE FRONT SUSPENSION SYSTEM A Motorcycle front fork connects a wheel and axle to its frame, by way of a pair of triple trees. The bike is steered by handle bars which are attached to the triple tree and also brake is provided to retard or stop the acceleration of the bike. There are loads of critical geometric parameters such as ‘Rake and ‘Trail which are establish by the fork and its attachment points on the frame, which usually play for handling and riding and dives as well during braking. Telescopic forks The term ‘Telescopic forks is defined because the tubes slide in and out of the body they are ‘Telescoping. The upper portion generally called as ‘Fork tubes (Male tubes) slides inside the fork bodies (Female tubes), which are lower part of the forks. Over more than century years of motorcycle improvement, different variety of front form arrangements have been attempted but some of them are still remain available nowadays. The most common form of front suspension for motorcycle now days are the ‘Telescopic fork Nimbus was the first manufacturer to produce a motorcycle with hydraulically damped telescopic forks in 1934.Early front suspension designs were used frames with springs. Greeves, a British manufacturer used a version of swinging arm for front suspension on their motocross design and also a single sided version suspension system is used in motor scooters such as the Vespa. Suspension system is equipped with large hydraulic shock absorbers with internal coil springs. The main work of the shock absorbers is to allow the front wheel to react to imperfections in the road while isolating the rest of the motorcycle from that motion. The Upper part (Top yoke) of the forks is connected to the motorcycles frame in triple tree clamp, which allows the forks to be turned while steering the bike. The Lower part (Bottom yoke) is fixed to the front axle around which front wheel rotates. The fork tubes should be smooth and mirrored finish, so as to seal the fork oil. Some fork tubes found on the off-road motorcycles are covered with plastic protective sleeves called as ‘Gaiters. The forks are constructed either of the conventional ‘right-side-up or sliding -female configuration, or the ‘Upside-down or Sliding -male configuration. In Both the cases, a cylindrical tube or piston sided axially within the cylindrical cylinder. Trail and Rake: ‘Trail is the measurement, on the ground, from a point which is projected through steering axis to the centre of the tyres contact patch below the axle. Trail determines the self centring stability of the steering as well. The triple clamps provide good lateral offset that the forks clear the sides of the front tyre. Usually Triple clamps are introduced to provide some measure of longitudinal offset as well, to alter the trail. Trail impacts directly on the steering stability of the motorcycle and its ‘return-to-center force. The trail is much affected by rake .Rake is defined as the angle between the vertical and steering axis. The steeper rake reduces the trail and trail itself is also affected by the longitudinal fork offset. More offset decreases the trail. The trail is also affected by axle offset. The trail increases in the case if the axle is coupled to the forks in front of their centre. Ride height: Sometimes rider desires to increase or decrease trail to change the steering feel so as to improve steering swiftness, or to eliminate high-speed shake, or to reduce a front end push. Ride height is simply defined as the forks extending up through the triple clamp. Decreasing the ride height by raising the forks farther through triple clamps in reality steepens the rake, which results in decreasing the trail. Alter in trail causes the effects to the rider to his ride height adjustments. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Motorcycles were first developed out of the bicycle frame, which certainly is rigid. Suspension systems were progressed over the years after critical researchers to filter out ground disturbances in more efficient ways. CHAPTER 3: 3.2 FORK FUNCTIONING: The weights are transmitted from inner tube to the outer tube or vice versa through the slider bushes which are placed between the two tubes. The bushes used for the good fork are critical because it should have a very low coefficient of friction as well as mounting tolerance. The system smoothness is totally dependent upon the friction forces developed during sliding movements as well as on the amount of stiction.The stiction is at maximum at â€Å"Moto incipiente â€Å",,When the initiation of the movement occurs between the surfaces. This stage is called as static friction. In Designing and fabrication of the slider bushes, the problem of sliding friction always stand for a weak point in the front fork of the vehicle. If we compare it, for example, to the rear suspension in which there is practically no sliding due to the displacements consists of rotations around the bearings. The suspension settings can be achieved by the stiffness of the spring, as well as the damping provided by the hydraulic part, to which is added the resistance given by the sliding friction. It is difficult to predict what the suspension behaviour operates and its proper functioning is taking cared by the availability of friction. In the design stage, limiting friction forces require that the loads on the bushes be minimized, boosting movement of the unit. When the fork is extended fully, only a small segment of the slider tube enters inside the sleeve. Hence at this stage its overlap is reduced to a minimum. This is also constitutes the least rigid configuration of the whole system. At the end of the travel, as a substitute of the fork tube overlap extreme therefore maintaining the stiffness. 3.3 FORK STRESSES AND DEFORMATIONS: Certain forces acts on the fork leg while the vehicle is in motion. Two cases can be considered which helps us to derive fork stresses as well as deformation. They are (i) Fork flexure due to vertical loads: The flexure due to vertical loads involves the stresses which act on by weight of the motorcycle plus rider. Also stresses tend to develop due to road surface irregularities such as through potholes, steps ridges, etc. Actually these stresses are considered negligible for example, If we travel in the city at The ‘Moment of flexure or ‘Bending moment is generated when the vertical load is finally applied to the wheel. The moment of flexure or bending moment gradually increases as the fork is inclined. When with the same force applied, the bending moment will reach to the maximum in the case of fork extended fully and vice versa the bending moment will be minimum with the maximum compression. Therefore the values vary as the changes occur in the arm of the force applied. The stresses are less when the slider bushes are closer to the wheel spindle and are expected to function better. When the rider passing over dip holes in the ground in the road surface, the vertical loads can attempt very high values, hence the frame structure has to be stiff enough to avoid excessive deformation and simultaneously it should have the capability to absorb all the immediate bumps whenever the suspension bottoms out. At the front end the area, steering head tube receives the heavy stress .whereas, at the rear end connecting rods as well as the shock mounting come under the greater stress. When the motorcycle is stationary, the load values that appear during normal use are two to three times as big as static loads which are normally acting on the wheels. If we consider a medium powered street bike which is kindly moving on a bumpy road with a high speed and if the wheel bounce on hole then the stress exerted on the structure may be hundred of kilos or more. Maximum load values can take place when the off-street bikes jumps and cross over the obstacles. (ii) Fork flexure due to braking force: As it is the known fact that when braking force is applied to the wheel, then it is obvious to the wheel, experiencing the deformations upon different circumstances of road. In this case, Bending will greater as the length of the fork is high. The highly noticeable point of interest is that the deformation due to vertical forces is opposite to the deformation due to the braking force. In the previous case we observed that, during braking, because of the weight transfer effect, the front load increases; i.e. there cant be a braking force without an increase in vertical load. When the brakes are applied to the bike then some strong longitudinal forces are created, giving rise to bending moment that gets stronger as it rises from the ground to the steering head tube, finally transmitted to the whole frame. The steering head tube experiences the strongest moment. The steering head tube is the point with the least depth of section, which is the major plane of stress. Due to this considerations observed, detailed research and study has undergone to give the actual design dimensions of the whole steering tube. On this part of flexure happens during the big thrust of acceleration would definitely cause trail variation. When the braking stress dies out for example; when entering a corner, there would be an annoying elastic rebound action in response. Meanwhile the rear fork doesnt experience much stress during braking as front fork does. The above two effects (i) Flexure due to vertical load as well as (ii) Flexure due to braking force will certainly oppose each other and within the deceleration range of characteristics of motorcycle, depending upon Cg height, wheel base and fork inclination. In general fork flexing during braking is not as severe as one might think. Deformation due to torsional forces: The twisting forces which derived are as follows The alignment is poor between the fork axis and equilibrium forces; The components of equilibrium forces perpendicular to the fork axis and out of alignment with it; The couple which applied by the rider to the steering head. The resultant deformation is said to be very harmful for handling because the wheel does not respond properly according to the direction of control set by the rider of the vehicle. Effect of deformation on functionality: It is clear straight away that the presence of fork deformation makes the proper sliding inside one another more complex to the point of potentially impeding it. When the bike is in motion, the deformation is at highest at most critical circumstances such as brake application and corner entry. 3.4 DIFFERENT DESIGN TYPES OF FRONT SUSPENSION SYSTEM Telescopic forks are mainly classified into two kinds which are used in practical applications in daily routine life. They are Traditional or standard which is equipped with an internal tube, the one with smaller diameter in the upper postion, fixed to the frame. Upside Down or Inverted which is equipped with internal tube in the lower position, which is fixed to the frame. The hydraulic as well as elastic fundamentals of these kinds can be simply comparable in order to know the different responses of the same motorcycle equipped with two distinct types of forks. There are some manufacturers whom have created a ‘Cartridge containing the hydraulic part which can be easily mounted onto each of the applications being tested. The first telescopic fork prototypes was designed right after the Second World War, were laid out with little attention as to whether they were in traditional or upside down form. In the sixties, the majority of the forks produced was traditional type whereas Upside down design came into the existence at the beginning of the eighties. The upside down design was popularised back into circulation of sport bike applications. Contrast between Traditional and Upside Down form of telescopic forks: Benefits of Tradional form: Less number of components, given that the wheel attachments and axle lug derive directly out of lower stanchion which also keeps weight down; Unsprung mass weight is slightly reduced; Tubes slides in areas that are more protected from bumps and dirt. Benefits of Upside down form: It has superior torsional stiffness with the same weight, where the tube has larger diameter and is positioned in upper area, which deals with greater stress from the bending moment; Strong attachment between the tubes and the triple clamps which have large tube diameters. The above comparison between the two applications says that one is absolutely better than other. So, in this case upside down layout presents more advantages in the terms of stiffness which makes ideal for some sport-oriented applications. Both the applications Traditional as well as Upside down forks are characterized by Different stiffnesss; Different weight distribution; Different values of unsprung weight; Different center of gravity heights between the steering and the ground; Different values of inertia around the steering head axis. There are some other types of unconventional fork types and can be classified into the groups. They are Swinging front fork or Pivoted; Parallelogram linkage or Girders; Straight line slider guides; Paralever linkage. a) Swinging front fork : This type of fork was especially used on the earliest bike models and it is a very simple construction solution. In practical, it reproduces the geometry of the rear fork, along with a n arm that usually rests on a fulcrum which is placed on the steering column, making the fork rotate in one piece along with the steering head. Depending upon whether the arm is compressed or extended during braking, leading link or trailing link front forks are discovered. In both the cases of the forks, the layout may be seen to be symmetrical to the head angle with two arms or it may consist of only one arm. For scooter models, Pivoted front fork suspension is adopted, but they are almost rare when coming to high performance vehicles. The main characteristics of swinging front fork suspension system are as follows. In Smoothness ,They are very smooth when the rotations are assured by rolling bearings eliminating stiction; When the matter comes to design construction, the stiffness may be better or sometimes worst. The connecting rod linkage systems have never been used to gain progressive rates; it is easy enough to obtain progressive spring rather. The inertia is high around the steering axis and the unsprung masses have moderate weights which are totally dependent upon the type of construction used for the forks If we compare both leading link as well as trailing link, it will be the great point of interest. Leading link: In mid 1950s, the world champion Moto Guzzis which are the best handling racing machines of their period, were installed with leading link. The leading link consist of a tubular or pressed steel structure which connects the steering column in the link pivots and slot in for the suspension struts. The links appear to be independent or formed by a single U-shaped loop around the back of the wheel. In the case of the links separation, their resistance to independent movement as in the type of telescopic fork, depends upon the rigidity if their attachment to the wheel. If the wheel has large- diameter spindle then it also haves large wheel bearing and the most convenient and efficient method is a loop behind the wheel and a smaller -diameter spindle. Benefits of leading fork are as follows Quality of detail design Possibility of greater rigidity. Greater stability on the fork Precise control over the steering. The lack of stiction enhances the sensitivity to the small undulations and also any degree of anti -dive under heavy braking. The wheel has precise path which usually depends on the relative heights of the wheel spindle and link pivots. Because of the curve shaped, these forks are highly unsuited for the large movements which are usually used on modern off road machines. In the leading link during braking the anti-dive behaviour can be seen. The anti dive behaviour tries to extend the suspension, in the case of application of braking force that is applied to the fork .The Anti -dive behaviour can be prevented by fixing brake calliper to a torque arm which is connected to the steering. In this case, spontaneous center of rotation may be positioned so as to create anti-dive behaviour. Trailing link: The trailing link differs from that of leading link in many ways like the link pivots of the wheel spindle are ahead, not behind. The demerit of this kind of fork is higher steering inertia, since the bulk of the mass is relatively far from the steering axis, which has an effect that partially offset by the smaller amount of material required to reach the pivots. In the trailing link during braking, the pro-dive effect occurs which is quite similar to the traditional fork .In this case as well brake torque arm will be introduced along with fixing brake callipers in order to get the proper effect when braking. b) Parallelogram linkage or Girders: Girder forks are widely used now a days which is also considered for their excellent steering. Due to friction dampers, the performance was generally limited and very crude by current hydraulic standards. The links which operates the suspension system were short and due to this kind of forks are very much suitable for small amount of suspension movement. One of the forks namely Vincent â€Å"Girdaulic† was most sophisticated. It consists of light -alloy blades and one-piece upper as well as lower link assemblies. The trail for this fork was readily adjustable. Springs were adjusted in the long telescopic tubes, behind the uprights, but the hydraulic damper was separate, mounted in front of the head stock. The lateral stiffness was boosted by a plate which will bridge the front of the blades. Hydraulic damping is employed against suspension movement and also to damp out steering excursions, a damper was used. The most recently released linkage designs comes under this category. The main characteristics of the parallelogram linkage are as follows The smoothness of the fork is outstanding, since sliding friction is substituted by rolling friction i.e. Sliding movements are kindly replaced by rotations around the roller bearings; It has got adequate amount of stiffness enhanced by the design construction; The progressive rate of the suspension can be incorporated; The trajectory control is excellent which is highly dependent on type of fork used. It is possible to have different types of wheel trajectories with the help of parallelogram linkage system. The trajectory can be considered perpendicular to the ground, maintaining the same wheel base, or to obtain certain degree of anti-dive it may be inclined forward, in the beginning phrase. The trail control is good. In this case, it is highly possible to create constant trail geometry with varying travel .It can be increased or decreased according to riding behaviour of the vehicle. Depending upon the fork design, the unsprung weigh could be less but the net weight of the suspension remains constant. The most popular design solutions used in automotive industry are as follows Solution (a): In this type of solution, the fork legs are allowed longer along with mounting brake callipers. Like single sided rear fork, the links that hold the wheel can also be asymmetrical. The steering is controlled by positioned links. Solution (b): It is rarely employed and characterized by high steering masses and substantial inertia, less bulk and steering control is high. Section (c): This type is rarely employed. The leg length is reduced to make large wheel travel. Kinematic loads will be large with such a short fork legs. Solution (d): This kind of solution is generally employed for light motorcycles and has been introduced right after the Second World War. The steering control is good but it imposes limits on the steering mass size and on trajectories available to the wheel. Because the links are located at certain altitude, the stresses on the links due ot the forces are very tough. Solution (e): This kind of solution has been introduced in most advanced applications. In general, it unites all the advantages offered by girder solutions. When it comes to design of the fork, it experiences some drawbacks in the terms of the looks. The horizontal arms have to be long enough to allow the wheel to be steered. Due to this factor, it could be a strong limit the maximum steering angle value, which usually restricting the use of this solution to the street bikes. The links controls the steering; offering the possibility to position the shock absorber in areas that make the mountings powerful and fabrication is easy. Through connecting rod system, the steering control may be easily constructed. Solution (f): This solution is quite similar to the solution (e), but it does not allow offset of the wheel with respect to the steering head axis or zero offset. Due to the large diameter bearings in order to house the steering kingpin, the wheel hub center becomes complicated. (c) Straight -line slider guides: Straight-line slider guides are especially regarded by the same geometry as the rear fork when speaking about the controlling the trajectory of the point O point and trail are concerned. Practically, the cylindrical slider is replaced by a straight line slider but of rolling type. The classic shock absorber is represented as the damping element in this case, while rolling guide bearings are similar to ones used for highly developed mechanical machining work. The Advantages of Straight-line slider guides are as follows à ¼ It enhances better smoothness; à ¼ It hails limited play as well as has got good stiffness; The limitations of straight-line slide guides are as follows The main problem is difficulty in positioning the two disc brakes Asymmetry-it gives rise to bothersome moment around the steering axis. (d) Paralever linkage This type of solution is generally considered as a corrupted parallelogram linkage system because, the upper linking bar is missing and also the suspension function is done by a slider derived from intermediary part that becomes a sort of fork. Advantages of paralever linkage system are as follows: The sliding motion in this case is simpler when compare it to standard fork The transmission ratio is 1:1 in this case as the steering is directly connected to the tubes. Limitations of Paralever linkage are as follows: It is more mechanically complex than a traditional fork and generally bulky due to the presence of horizontal arm. (e) Mechanical anti-dive system: In the field of racing, mechanical anti-dive type fork systems have been introduced to limit their tendency to front end dive. In this case, By means of a series of links, the braking force sustained by the brake calliper is transferred to the chasis, opposing its tendency to dive. The mechanical anti-dive system has been not recognised universally because of the following problems incurred. Making of brake callipers is difficult in this case which mounts rigid enough, with possible braking power loss and aswell as formation of micro-vibrations. The systems weight is high Moment of inertia is increased over the steering masses Less amount of effort have made in vehicles handling. (f) Hydraulic anti-dive system: Mechanical anti dive system has been replaced by hydraulic-anti system. Hence they are increasingly rare. The hydraulic anti-system is totally based on the hydraulic braking usually when the brakes are applied, by blocking the passages. When the hydraulic brakes are made too strong thus it becomes difficult to absorb small irregularities in the road surface, especially during the complex way of entering the corner of the road. CHAPTER 4: STRAIGHT LINE MOTION The topic straight line motions deals with How the motorcycle keeps its balance analyzing the factors that come into play which can simply help the rider to maintain the motorcycle in a vertical and stable position while travelling. The factors that are responsible for maintaining the straight line motion path are Inertia effects Gyroscopic effects Righting effects. 4.1 INERTIA EFFECTS The product if mass multiplied by the velocity of a body gives the quantity of motion of the body. Due to greater value of this is, the less influence external forces will have on trajectory. For example, lets assume that a motorcycle is travelling at high speed such as 100km/h then the vehicle also attains a velocity of 10 km/h perpendicular to the original trajectory as shown in fig a. If the motorcycle moves at slower speed of 10km/h, then the same component velocity influenced by the gust of wind brings variation in the direction of travel as shown in fig b. Hence as the velocity increases, small directional variations orthogonal to original direction will bring smaller angular variation. Therefore, now we can state that the greater the forward velocity, the more difficult is to move the vehicle from its initial straight-line trajectory. The same concept can be applied to mass like heavier a body is; the more it resists changes to its speed and direction. In the figure, Vint = initial velocity Vres = resultant velocity dV = variation in velocity ÃŽ ± = angular variation in velocity. 4.2 GYROSCOPIC EFFECTS: When every time a body spins rapidly on its axis and simultaneously is to set into rapid spin around a second axis is referred as gyroscopic effects or a moment that eventually acts around a third axis perpendicular to the other two. In routine life, gyroscopic effects can be seen for example, a spinning of bicycle wheel in between ones hands illustrates gyroscopic effect. If the wheel is set to keep axially parallel to it and raise and lower the wheel straight up and down then we can notice no opposing action on our hands. Hence it can be said that the opposing vertical force is needed to perform the action will never be more than the weight of the wheel itself. Now in the next trial if the axis of the wheel is turned in clockwise motion around vertical axis, as if we were holding the steering handlebars. In this case, we will notice that our arms are affected by a couple that tends to rotate them around the longitudinal axis. From the following experiment, certain conclusions can be drawn Gyroscopic effects will be more when the wheel rotates faster The intensity of the reaction will differ obviously, if the axis is tilted faster or slower. 4.3 RIGHTING EFFECTS: The parameter righting effects is profoundly influenced by the geometrical characteristics of the steering unit of the motorcycle. The correct combination of these factors gives positive results for the awareness of stability. Righting effects can be depend upon the following phenomenons Steering axis Rake angle (Castor) Trail 4.3.1 Steering axis: Regardless of structure of motorcycle suspension they are characterized by a front wheel suspension by a front wheel steering, because front wheel is free to rotate around the axis which is called as steering axis. In general, the steering axis in the bicycles is referred as Head angle and is measured clockwise from the horizontal when viewed from right hand side. A 90 ° head angle would be vertical. For example a 2007 Filmore, which was designed for the track with a head angle, varies right from 72.5  ° to 74  °, depending upon frame structure and size. 4.3.2 Rake angle: In the case of front suspension, it is very easy to identify steering axis especially in the telescopic fork because the steering axis coincides with the axis of the guide bearings inside the slider around which the fork rotates. This steering axis is present in all automotive type suspensions is inclined with respect to the vertical angle known as Rake angle. Rake angle is measured usually in degrees from zero. Inclination of rake angle (ÃŽ µ): If we increase the angle of the steering axis then we should also increase the value of trail. Usually the steeper the inclination of the rake angle, the motorcycle tends to be more stable directionally. Some grand prix bikes meant for competitive or sports oriented uses smaller rake angles such as little as 21 ° rake angle. custom made bikes have modified a steeper rake angle beginning from 28 ° and reaching 40 °. 4.3.3 Trail: The Trail of the front suspension system is defined as the distance between the point of intersection of the axis with the ground and the contact point of the front wheel w

The Secret Diary of Lady Macbeth :: essays research papers

The Secret Diary of Lady Macbeth After receiving a letter from Macbeth Earlier today, I received a most urgent letter from Macbeth. He told me that he was accosted by three witches on the night of the battle between Scotland and Norway. They greeted him "All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! All hail Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter!" Macbeth was "rapt" with what the witches had said and tried to question them further but they vanished into a haze of fog. I could see his enthusiasm from his vocabulary and could tell that he believed the witches, even though they are feared and many hundreds have been burned. He said he "burned in desire" to question them further, indicating that he was almost on fire with this knowledge that came from the "perfect'st report". Witches have metaphysical powers and "more in them than mortal knowledge". Later that day Macbeth received a message from the King saying he was to become Thane of Cawdor. He called me his "dearest partner of greatness" and plans to share the glory of the golden round with me. He sent the letter by messenger despite the danger of the contents being read by others, when it could have waited until he arrived here. Having seen Macbeth's enthusiasm, I will take my cue from him. His letters have "transported me beyond this ignorant present". I nearly told a messenger who brought news of the King coming to stay, of my thoughts and for one moment, I reacted as though Macbeth were already King, and I Queen, I must be more careful in the future. I have made the decision that Macbeth will be King, the only problem being that he is "too full of the milk of human kindness" and does not have it in him to do the unthinkable deed, at heart Macbeth is a giver and not a destroyer. I see my role as Macbeth's strengthener. I wish that I could persuade him to "catch the nearest way". To this end, I asked the evil spirits to take my womanly qualities away. I asked them to take my milk and replace it with gall. I am asking to become a poisoner instead of a nourisher. I asked for unnatural darkness so that heaven will not see and cry: "Hold, hold!" No one must see the murder, as killing the King is an unthinkable act; it is just like killing God.

Bullying Essay

Bullying Frightened, Weak, Sad, Unwanted. You end up not wanting to go anywhere, because you are afraid of getting picked on. You get so fed up with everything, you start harming yourself. You begin cutting yourself or even worse? You end up killing yourself. Hi today, I’m going to talk to you about bullying and what the down sizes of bullying is. Some might wonder, who are the bully’s and why do people bully others. So as you read this essay, think about those questions. And ask yourself. If you’ve ever been bullied or have you been the bully.How did you feel? Did you feel powerless and think that it wasn’t fare that this was happening to you. Or that you didn’t have anyone to talk to. Well you do and no one should be making you feel like this. Bulling has to stop, it shouldn’t be going to the extent that people feel like they’re nothing and end up committing suicide. Having said that, this essay will show you the different types of b ullying, the consequences of bullying and how to stop bullying. Many people think that bullying is just kicking and punching a person.Those people are right, what they don’t know is that there are other forms of bullying. To be exact there are six different types of bullying; physical bullying, cyber bullying, verbal bullying, indirect bullying, intimidation, and social alienation. The form of bullying that occurs more is cyber bullying. In Canada, 42% of kids have been bullied while online. One in four has had it happen more than once. 35% of kids have been threatened online. Nearly one in five have had it happen more than once. 1% of kids have received mean or threatening e-mails or other messages. 58% of kids admit someone has said mean or hurtful things to them online. More than four out of ten say it has happened more than once. 58% have not told their parents or an adult about something mean or hurtful that happened to them online. Both boys and girls can be bullies. Bo ys tend to bully physically, while girls generally use more indirect approaches, such as gossiping about classmates or isolating them by excluding them from activities or groups.Boys are usually bullied by other boys, whereas girls are bullied by both girls and boys. Some of the consequences of being bullied are self-harm, depression, low self-esteem, loneliness and etc†¦ Most people cannot deal with the pressure of being bullied. So they decide to commit suicide, for example â€Å"Carl Joseph Walker-Hoover, hung himself Monday, April 9, 2009 after enduring bullying at school, including daily taunts of being gay. His suicide was at least the fourth suicide of a middle-school aged child linked to bullying in the year of 2009†.Bullying is never acceptable. It should be considered just â€Å"part of growing up† Research and experience consistently shows involved, their families and peers, and the community around them. I’ve witnessed someone self-harming thems elves do to being bullied, it looked like they hit rock bottom and all the person could say is that â€Å"there is no point in living now, no one likes me life is not a thing I enjoy†. I felt like that wasn’t fair to them and that no one should have to go through what they did. But they overcome that and were feeling better.They started hanging out with really friends that cared about them and just ignored what others thought about them because they don’t have to please other, just themselves. How to stop bulling? Whether or not you have been bullied, there are things you can do to stop bullying. The first thing you should do is to tell a teacher or other trusted adult at your school if bullying happens to you or someone at your school. But bullying doesn’t always happen at school, it can happen after school or even at home.So in that situation, tell an adult that will do something about it or even a police officer. This may seem like tattling, but itâ₠¬â„¢s not. The victim of a bully is someone you can protect. By telling someone at school about bullying, you are protecting the victim the same as if you stood up to a bully yourself. After telling an adult, you should go to a councillor to talk about your problem. If you don’t feel comfortable talking to the councillor. Try talking to a friend or someone you trust, that will listen to you and try to help you. It isn’t good to keep everything to yourself.You have to get everything out that isn’t healthy for you. Or else it will haunt you and make you feel alone. So in my opinion just talk about your problem even if it’s with your cat or dog (which ever). However being a witness of bullying can be just as bad as being the bullying. As long as you witness bullying and don’t try to stop it. That means, that you’re encouraging the bully because he/she is getting the attention they want. So remember that for the next time you witness someone bei ng bullying and don’t do anything to stop it. Who are bullies?Bullies are very often people who have been bullied or abused themselves. Sometimes they are experiencing life situations they cannot cope with, that leave them feeling helpless and out of control. They may have poor social skills, do not fit in, and cannot meet the expectations of their family, school, or bosses. They bully to, be successful, to control someone else, or to get some relief from their own feelings of powerlessness. Bullies bully because they might be picked on by someone else so they pick on you, so that they think that they are strong.They might not have any friends. They may not know how to feel happy, or something is going on with their family, that is bothering them so they decide to take out their frustration on other people. I hope you take this essay and absorb everything I’ve said. And remember one person might not be able to put a stop to bullying. But we as a group can sure try. If it doesn’t work, then we can try harder. And never give up. Resources: http://www. dosomething. org/tipsandtools/11-facts-about-cyber-bullying http://www. glsen. org/walker. html Bullying Essay Bullying Frightened, Weak, Sad, Unwanted. You end up not wanting to go anywhere, because you are afraid of getting picked on. You get so fed up with everything, you start harming yourself. You begin cutting yourself or even worse? You end up killing yourself. Hi today, I’m going to talk to you about bullying and what the down sizes of bullying is. Some might wonder, who are the bully’s and why do people bully others. So as you read this essay, think about those questions. And ask yourself. If you’ve ever been bullied or have you been the bully.How did you feel? Did you feel powerless and think that it wasn’t fare that this was happening to you. Or that you didn’t have anyone to talk to. Well you do and no one should be making you feel like this. Bulling has to stop, it shouldn’t be going to the extent that people feel like they’re nothing and end up committing suicide. Having said that, this essay will show you the different types of b ullying, the consequences of bullying and how to stop bullying. Many people think that bullying is just kicking and punching a person.Those people are right, what they don’t know is that there are other forms of bullying. To be exact there are six different types of bullying; physical bullying, cyber bullying, verbal bullying, indirect bullying, intimidation, and social alienation. The form of bullying that occurs more is cyber bullying. In Canada, 42% of kids have been bullied while online. One in four has had it happen more than once. 35% of kids have been threatened online. Nearly one in five have had it happen more than once. 1% of kids have received mean or threatening e-mails or other messages. 58% of kids admit someone has said mean or hurtful things to them online. More than four out of ten say it has happened more than once. 58% have not told their parents or an adult about something mean or hurtful that happened to them online. Both boys and girls can be bullies. Bo ys tend to bully physically, while girls generally use more indirect approaches, such as gossiping about classmates or isolating them by excluding them from activities or groups.Boys are usually bullied by other boys, whereas girls are bullied by both girls and boys. Some of the consequences of being bullied are self-harm, depression, low self-esteem, loneliness and etc†¦ Most people cannot deal with the pressure of being bullied. So they decide to commit suicide, for example â€Å"Carl Joseph Walker-Hoover, hung himself Monday, April 9, 2009 after enduring bullying at school, including daily taunts of being gay. His suicide was at least the fourth suicide of a middle-school aged child linked to bullying in the year of 2009†.Bullying is never acceptable. It should be considered just â€Å"part of growing up† Research and experience consistently shows involved, their families and peers, and the community around them. I’ve witnessed someone self-harming thems elves do to being bullied, it looked like they hit rock bottom and all the person could say is that â€Å"there is no point in living now, no one likes me life is not a thing I enjoy†. I felt like that wasn’t fair to them and that no one should have to go through what they did. But they overcome that and were feeling better.They started hanging out with really friends that cared about them and just ignored what others thought about them because they don’t have to please other, just themselves. How to stop bulling? Whether or not you have been bullied, there are things you can do to stop bullying. The first thing you should do is to tell a teacher or other trusted adult at your school if bullying happens to you or someone at your school. But bullying doesn’t always happen at school, it can happen after school or even at home.So in that situation, tell an adult that will do something about it or even a police officer. This may seem like tattling, but itâ₠¬â„¢s not. The victim of a bully is someone you can protect. By telling someone at school about bullying, you are protecting the victim the same as if you stood up to a bully yourself. After telling an adult, you should go to a councillor to talk about your problem. If you don’t feel comfortable talking to the councillor. Try talking to a friend or someone you trust, that will listen to you and try to help you. It isn’t good to keep everything to yourself.You have to get everything out that isn’t healthy for you. Or else it will haunt you and make you feel alone. So in my opinion just talk about your problem even if it’s with your cat or dog (which ever). However being a witness of bullying can be just as bad as being the bullying. As long as you witness bullying and don’t try to stop it. That means, that you’re encouraging the bully because he/she is getting the attention they want. So remember that for the next time you witness someone bei ng bullying and don’t do anything to stop it. Who are bullies?Bullies are very often people who have been bullied or abused themselves. Sometimes they are experiencing life situations they cannot cope with, that leave them feeling helpless and out of control. They may have poor social skills, do not fit in, and cannot meet the expectations of their family, school, or bosses. They bully to, be successful, to control someone else, or to get some relief from their own feelings of powerlessness. Bullies bully because they might be picked on by someone else so they pick on you, so that they think that they are strong.They might not have any friends. They may not know how to feel happy, or something is going on with their family, that is bothering them so they decide to take out their frustration on other people. I hope you take this essay and absorb everything I’ve said. And remember one person might not be able to put a stop to bullying. But we as a group can sure try. If it doesn’t work, then we can try harder. And never give up. Resources: http://www. dosomething. org/tipsandtools/11-facts-about-cyber-bullying http://www. glsen. org/walker. html

Impact of the French and Indian War Essay

The Native tribes are one of those directly affected by the French and Indian War. Many native populations suffered a great loss when the French power in North America was eliminated. The French proved to be a strong ally of these native tribes and were essential in countering the continued British expansion. The elimination of the French power resulted to the dispossession of many native tribes, forcing them to move out of their lands. When the Spanish-controlled Florida was taken-over by the British, native tribes who did not want to involve themselves with the British, migrated westward. This has resulted to heated confrontations between several tribes who were already established in the area (Ohio History Central, 2005). The British exploited the boundaries between opposing tribes, making the natives fight among themselves. The French and Indian war also affected the American colonists. As Britain continued to expand their control over the colonies of other European powers, they continued to resettle many of its people throughout their North American provinces. As Britain continued to focus on its war for territory, it began neglecting its duties for its people and its colonies. The French and Indian war resulted to the doubling of Britain’s national debt, and with the shortage of funding; the government imposed new taxes on their colonies. This resulted to stiff resistance, and strained relationship between Britain and its colonies. Troops were called in to the colonies in order to make sure the taxes are paid accordingly (Ohio History Central, 2005). This greatly inconvenienced the colonies, until it finally came down to the American Revolutionary War. Reference: Ohio History Central. (2005). French and Indian War. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from http://www. ohiohistorycentral. org/entry. php? rec=498

Jamestown and Plymouth Plantat essays

Jamestown and Plymouth Plantat essays The beginning of colonization was very difficult for the early settlers in the New World. Disease, starvation, greed, and aggressive Native Americans were factors that lead to the end of many colonization attempts in the Americas. The first two successes were Jamestown and Plymouth Plantation. There were many differences between the two, such as the type of local government established, the kind of relationships maintained with the local natives and the way they became self-sufficient. Jamestown used military rule for much of the first decade as a colony. They soon moved to an assembly that was elected by the people. Before the inhabitants of Plymouth Plantation set foot on the New World in the leaders of the expedition drew up the Mayflower Compact, by doing so they formed a civil government. This gave them claim to the land and to rule it in the name of the King. These early forms of democracy seem to have been the best way to rule, due to the many ideas and different backgrounds of many of the inhabitants. Jamestown was on shaky ground from the beginning with the natives leading to two wars with the Pawhatan Indians. They alienated any Indian allies they might have had by forcing them to bow before the King of England. Plymouth started off on the right foot by procuring the help of two English-speaking Indians. These two Natives taught colonists how cultivate corn and acted as envoys with the local natives. This allowed for extensive trade with the Indians of that region. The Plymouth colonist had surpluses of corn crop, which they traded with northern natives for furs. They soon made agreements with the Dutch to split the fur and wampum trade in the New England area. Jamestown on the other hand cultivated many varieties of tobacco and exported it to Europe. Tobacco was in such high demand that the Virginia Company of London pumped more people and money in to the co ...

Dolch Sight Words for Kindergarten to Third Grade

Dolch Sight Words for Kindergarten to Third Grade The Dolch Word Lists were developed by Edward W. Dolch. He researched English text he found published in the United States and found those words that show up the most in text. Some of those words are decodable, because they follow general phonemic and spelling rules for English. Many, however, are not decodable but instead are irregular, meaning they do not follow the rules of English. Over 50 - 75% of the most commonly used words are found in the Dolch List below. The Dolch Lists are among the most highly respected tools in the field of reading instruction, and are critical for creating meaning in text- using those common verbs, articles, and conjunctions to make words into language.   The Dolch lists are also valuable for word walls. Word walls provide a dictionary for emerging writers as well as readers, as they look to find the words they need to write. Dolch created a spiraling list of sight words that builds from grades to grades. You can add words from the lists to your word wall as you expand your students skills through appropriate pre-primer or primer decodable books, which will have many of the sight words. Then, you can encourage your students to use the word wall words in writing samples. Still, the goal should be to write to communicate, not write to meet some teachers requirements. Students with reading and language difficulties often dislike writing tasks- make them fun and make them about communicating their meaning and they will flex their writing muscles! How to Use the Dolch Words: Play games with them, cut the cards out and use them as flash cards.Use oral reading activities with the cards. Hold up the word, and use a sentence with a blank prompting the child to state the word. For instance: I liked that movie so much that I watched it _________ (again).Use and oral cloze activity, placing three cards, one that fills the cloze. You can have the child point to the correct word. This is especially good for children with reading skills but apraxia. i.e. John went to the park to (swim, and, the.)Shuffle the Dolch cards, turn them over one at a time and use them in a sentence.Have students go back and highlight (and correct, when necessary) the word wall words in their journal entries or free writing.   Daily routine use of the words will build reading confidence. For students with learning disabilities, these words can be learned developmentally, beginning with the pre-primer list.  There are five lists offering appropriate words for the  Pre-Primer,  Primer, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, and  3rd Grade  reading levels. Word cards for all 44 spelling sounds  are available and can be great additions to your spelling program and word walls.

Alma Ata Declaration

Alma Ata Declaration   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1978 the Alma Ata Declaration affirmed health as a human right with health being defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing. The Declaration proclaimed that communities should adopt the principles of primary health care to achieve better health for all (WHO 2008). The principles of primary health care are based on a social justice approach where community health focuses on empowering individuals enabling them to make informed health decisions (Green 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The aim of this essay is to discuss primary health care in the Alma-Ata Declaration and how attitudes towards primary health care have changed over time. Furthermore, it will discuss the relevance of primary health care today according to the WHO report, Primary Health Care ? Now more than ever, focusing on Australian Indigenous children?s health in the Western region of Melbourne.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Alma-Ata declaratio n, primary health care is essentially healthcare based on practical, evidence based and socially acceptable methods that are made accessible to all individuals within a community through full participation. The principles form the integral part of the health system, providing health care at the first level with an overall focus on the communities and countries socio-economic development (Awofeso 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Primary health care was criticised as soon as the Alma-Ata conference concluded, politicians did not accept that communities would be responsible for planning and implementing health care services. As a result, political commitment was not sustained nor was it backed with necessary reforms (Hall & Taylor 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Government agencies lacked any provisions for ensuring equity to accessing services especially for the poorer and disadvantaged communities. Furthermore, experts and politicians refused the principle of primary hea lth care which allowed communities to plan and implement their own health care services (McMurray & Param 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Internationally, resources for public health were diverted from primary health care to aid with the management of high-mortality emergencies. This included the resurgence of tuberculosis, increases in malaria and the emergence of HIV/AIDS (WHO 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World events impacted on the development of primary health care, an oil crisis, a global recession and the introduction of structural adjustment programs by development banks shifted governments? budgets away from health and social services (WHO 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inadequate funding and training for healthcare professionals resulted in a lack of services for communities with people choosing to by-pass the primary level of services being provided. Inaccessibility, limited resources and poor equipment left primary health care services limited in coverage and quality (Hall & Taylor 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inaccessibility, limited resources and poor equipment left primary health care services limited in coverage and impact. Due to poor levels of service, primary health care workers lost motivation and resigned as a result of under-staffed centres and inadequate delivery of service.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In some countries primary health care continues to be inadequately supported and resourced due to lack of structure and investment within health organisations leading to poor coverage and quality of services (Hall & Taylor 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1994, the World Health Organisation (WHO) review of world changes in health development since Alma-Ata bleakly concluded that the goal of health for all by 2000 would not be met (WHO 2008).

Business Tourism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Tourism - Assignment Example This is a sector that has been found to be substantial, both in terms of profitability and long-term economic growth. The report will detail the effect on the economy of the preparations for the 2012 Olympic Games. The planning that is required to assist in the smooth operation of the Games is considered in detail as are the specific tactical objectives needed in order to realise an effective timetable for project management. The report looks firstly at the value to Britain of Business Tourism, given the history and future potential of this sector. There will be emphasis on the economic contributions of various tourism sectors on the British economy as well as detailed statistical data from various government ministries. The information and quantitative data for the report has been compiled with the use of detailed research obtained from various notable authorities including Michael Hirst (Chairman of Business Tourism Partnership); online travel publications (Incentive Travel; Visit London; Visit Britain); The Secretary of State, the honourable James Purnell; the UK Skills Passport Initiative; Review of the Impact of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games on the South East Region through their Web Site Seeda and Ian Whiteling of Oxford University Quoting Michael Hirst - the Chairman of Business Tourism Partnership: "Business tour... o exceed 100 billion a year." The Press Release of 20 November 2006 further highlighted that, "Over the past 10 years there has been a growth of 53% in all business trips exceeding the overall tourism growth rate. Over 8 million visits are made to the UK each year for business purposes, contributing some 4 billion to the British economy. The sector generates 28% of all overseas visitors and 29% of inbound tourism earnings. British tourism opportunities create high quality, year-round employment for some 530 000 jobs, directly and indirectly." (Business Tourism Partnership.BusinessTourismpartnership) 2.2 Factors to consider The key to creating a sustainable and profitable business tourism market as the major beneficiary of the 2012 Olympic Games is dependent on several factors namely: The conference, sporting and leisure facilities available for delegates and business tourists alike; the hospitality sector and the quality of its personnel; the public safety; transport and telecommunications networks and of course the ability to provide high quality service through hospitality, tourism and communications networks. London as the centrepiece for the 2012 Olympics has a myriad of arts and cultural interest venues. The metropolis is renowned not only as one of the fashion capitals of the world, but also as a major economic powerhouse. As such, the city's infrastructure is highly developed along with its transport, communications and hospitality establishments. The business tourist, as an individual with a discerning taste and a larger budget, is more likely to partake in the accoutrements of London's noted fanfare. These include dining out; theatre; merchandise; sporting events and of course luxury accommodation. The peripheral expenses include car-hires; taxis and

The Dogs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Dogs - Research Paper Example This paper "The Dogs" focuses on the relationship between man and dog. With time, the relationship has also became remarkable as it has extended as compared to the relationships that man might have with other men making the relationship easily attainable than the latter. The communicative aspect between man and dogs has also evolved in that man has constantly developed skills that have made relations between man and dog more effective as dogs have gradually replaced children as part of a complete family (Derr 4). The relationship between humans and canines has experienced evolution through training and interbreeding. The communicative aspect between man and dogs has also evolved in that man has constantly developed skills that have made relations between man and dog more effective as dogs have gradually replaced children as part of a complete family. In relation to the history of dogs, Catherine Johns’ article is one of the best literature pieces that emphasize how the relatio nship between people and man developed into what is visible today. In this article, Johns illustrates that dogs were initially wild animals that man had to domesticate to make him feel safer as he went out to hunt in the wild. In this article, the author also gives an explanation as to how dogs lost their intensive canine nature to tamed domestic animals. Ideally, man and dog’s relationship ties date back to the ancient times in which man went hunting with dogs that helped the man in bringing down resisting animals. ... On the other hand, Olmert Meg shares a divergent view over the explanation of how human and man relationships states that resulted in which this author inclines that it was psychosocial. This is contrary to Johns view that man had to interbreed and over breed dogs with certain species in order to create the perfect companion. Olmert suggests that the connection between people and dogs goes beyond the physical aspect rather it encompasses emotions and mammalian hormones. Therefore, Olmert asserts that the relationship had inclination to trust and socially related cognition. This is evident in mammals in the same way that mothers have a connection to their newly born infants. However, the second part of John’s book illustrates the exploitative forms that the relationships between dogs and people have taken, which is a down side of domestication. For instance, dogs have become tools for research and in some societies are complementing aspects of diet. With this, Johns gives the d ifferent ways in which dogs assisted man in different societies in which they were hunting gurus in some societies, which Johns illustrates through various paintings structured within the book (Johns 35). Derr also gives another angle to this remarkable relationship that he intimates that it has superseded the relationship that humans have between themselves. In most westernized societies, dogs have replaced the need by many to having children as they have become friendlier as compared to the deteriorating relationships between man and fellow man. Additionally, most homes in America have also made dogs to form part of their families because of their welcoming and friendly nature. Derr seems to be in

Module 3 Case Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Module 3 Case Assignment - Coursework Example Customer values the product if it is unique; it is available at affordable price meeting customers needs quickly. A firm increases value of its products either by increasing its features, quality and utility or by lowering its costs. A company adds value by performing operations and processes efficiently and effectively and by continuous innovation in its activities. A company performs primary activities such as production, sales and marketing, research and development, and servicing activities to satisfy customers’ needs. Many support activities such as efficient materials management, human resource management, and the company infrastructure go along with in value creation process and attaining competitive advantage. Continuous learning and improvement is necessary to sustain competitive advantage and for that each important outcome needs to be compared and benchmarked (Connelley). While Kraft operates several product lines under several product categories, in broader sense, the value chain of Kraft Foods can be broken into inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales and finally services. The first three functions lead to demand fulfillment and the last two functions are geared towards generating demands from customers. Each part of the value chain of Kraft can be analyzed, in broader sense, to know how it helps adding value for its customers. Though Kraft outsources its basic raw materials globally it always feels a need to revamp its procurement processes. It is to be noted that before 2010 Kraft had around 77,000 vendors; however, only 1200 vendors met 80% of the supply. In 2010, Kraft decided to move towards more strategic suppliers reducing their numbers and achieved 40 percent incremental savings (Ellinor, 2010). However, the efforts need to be on revamping procurement chain significantly as that is still a major bottleneck for Kraft to meet its expanding demand of its products.

Logic in Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Logic in Argument - Essay Example Innovative leaders actively seek means of increasing communication and breaking down interdepartmental barriers between the management and the workers. The actions of doing so range from recreation spaces where open forums can be used for making presentations to physical designing of work. Forums, for example, not only improve the workers’ technical communication, but also make them aware of the skills, achievements and progress of their peer competitors. Such an environment instills the need for creativity through critical thinking (Klemm, 2012). Overspecialization is one way that hinders creative thought. An organizational team with members from diverse backgrounds creates an intellectual environment that has the potential to promote development. An environment with diverse minds has a broad perspective of evaluating problems and getting new ways to the best solutions. Moreover, new projects arise from a combination of technical skills and creativity (klemm, 2012). Bill Simon is one leader who has shown the above-mentioned critical thinking skills. He has been the CEO of Wal-Mart USA stores until his retirement on August this year. Simon joined the company in 2006 as the vice president in charge of professional services. Between 2007 and 2010, he was the chief operating officer. During this period, he created and launched the $4 prescription drug package. In 2010, Simon, made a huge turn around by correcting mistakes in merchandise and pricing. He also restored several items that the company had stopped produced and also succeeded in offering low

The Revolution in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Revolution in America - Essay Example In the evening of 26th August 1765, the home of the Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor and Chief Justice Thomas Hutchinson was attacked by a mob from Boston while he was eating dinner with his family. The group broke into his home and looted and stole a large number of possessions from there, however, the Hutchinson family manages to escape just in time to avoid a bloody disaster. The Stamp Act Congress was formed and met in New York where the conflict that took place in Virginia was resolved and this paved the way for the first united coalition of the North American colonies. A new series of colonial taxes followed suit in 1767 called the Townshend Duties and would be accepted by the colonists as they were in charge of controlling trade. In Boston, things had not been faring well as a Non-Importation Agreement was issued by the merchants and traders with a condition of not importing anything that was manufactured and came from Great Britain in order to protest against the taxes, spec ifically the Townshend Duties that had been levied by the Parliament. In 1768, the Boston riots broke out as John Hancock’s ship was attacked by the British royal troops, for having violated laws relating to trade. This made the Parliament strict in its attitude and posted more British troops near the ports and waters in order to regulate the law; however, these stationed troops were soon hassled by Bostonians and led to the death of some troops. It soon became a massacre as more and more people began to get involved and this entire episode.... He assembled people to raid the British and destroy their forts and buildings as a sign of protest. Before this however, in November 1763, a group known as the Paxton Boys that consisted of half a hundred Scottish and Irish men, massacred a formidably large Indian population in Pennsylvania and blamed the state government of being lenient and biased towards the natives. This enraged them and they aimed for equality, thus displaying their wants through a series of attacks. The British were extremely powerful and counter attacked Pontiac and his tribes which led to signing of the Proclamation of 1763 which forbade any American colonist from settling on Native American territory unless he had permission to do so by the means of either purchase or treaty. All these incidents led to the end of salutary neglect and subsequently, in April of 1763, the First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer took office in London – George Grenville. In the year 1764, he enforced the Navigation Act and also passed the Sugar Act according to which sugar would then be taxable as three pennies on molasses so that the costs that were incurred by the British government during the war with France could be undertaken in the form of payment and recovered so that the benefits would ultimately go to England. The colonial Americans however were taken aback by the amount of tax on the sugar molasses and expected it to be two pence per piece at the most because of which they began to then protest in order to remain in business. Apart from this, he also enforced the Currency Act by which he stopped the circulation of paper currency; the Stamp Act as per which taxes were imposed on printed materials; and the Quartering Act by which

Module 3 Case Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Module 3 Case Assignment - Coursework Example Customer values the product if it is unique; it is available at affordable price meeting customers needs quickly. A firm increases value of its products either by increasing its features, quality and utility or by lowering its costs. A company adds value by performing operations and processes efficiently and effectively and by continuous innovation in its activities. A company performs primary activities such as production, sales and marketing, research and development, and servicing activities to satisfy customers’ needs. Many support activities such as efficient materials management, human resource management, and the company infrastructure go along with in value creation process and attaining competitive advantage. Continuous learning and improvement is necessary to sustain competitive advantage and for that each important outcome needs to be compared and benchmarked (Connelley). While Kraft operates several product lines under several product categories, in broader sense, the value chain of Kraft Foods can be broken into inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales and finally services. The first three functions lead to demand fulfillment and the last two functions are geared towards generating demands from customers. Each part of the value chain of Kraft can be analyzed, in broader sense, to know how it helps adding value for its customers. Though Kraft outsources its basic raw materials globally it always feels a need to revamp its procurement processes. It is to be noted that before 2010 Kraft had around 77,000 vendors; however, only 1200 vendors met 80% of the supply. In 2010, Kraft decided to move towards more strategic suppliers reducing their numbers and achieved 40 percent incremental savings (Ellinor, 2010). However, the efforts need to be on revamping procurement chain significantly as that is still a major bottleneck for Kraft to meet its expanding demand of its products.

The Revolution in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Revolution in America - Essay Example In the evening of 26th August 1765, the home of the Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor and Chief Justice Thomas Hutchinson was attacked by a mob from Boston while he was eating dinner with his family. The group broke into his home and looted and stole a large number of possessions from there, however, the Hutchinson family manages to escape just in time to avoid a bloody disaster. The Stamp Act Congress was formed and met in New York where the conflict that took place in Virginia was resolved and this paved the way for the first united coalition of the North American colonies. A new series of colonial taxes followed suit in 1767 called the Townshend Duties and would be accepted by the colonists as they were in charge of controlling trade. In Boston, things had not been faring well as a Non-Importation Agreement was issued by the merchants and traders with a condition of not importing anything that was manufactured and came from Great Britain in order to protest against the taxes, spec ifically the Townshend Duties that had been levied by the Parliament. In 1768, the Boston riots broke out as John Hancock’s ship was attacked by the British royal troops, for having violated laws relating to trade. This made the Parliament strict in its attitude and posted more British troops near the ports and waters in order to regulate the law; however, these stationed troops were soon hassled by Bostonians and led to the death of some troops. It soon became a massacre as more and more people began to get involved and this entire episode.... He assembled people to raid the British and destroy their forts and buildings as a sign of protest. Before this however, in November 1763, a group known as the Paxton Boys that consisted of half a hundred Scottish and Irish men, massacred a formidably large Indian population in Pennsylvania and blamed the state government of being lenient and biased towards the natives. This enraged them and they aimed for equality, thus displaying their wants through a series of attacks. The British were extremely powerful and counter attacked Pontiac and his tribes which led to signing of the Proclamation of 1763 which forbade any American colonist from settling on Native American territory unless he had permission to do so by the means of either purchase or treaty. All these incidents led to the end of salutary neglect and subsequently, in April of 1763, the First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer took office in London – George Grenville. In the year 1764, he enforced the Navigation Act and also passed the Sugar Act according to which sugar would then be taxable as three pennies on molasses so that the costs that were incurred by the British government during the war with France could be undertaken in the form of payment and recovered so that the benefits would ultimately go to England. The colonial Americans however were taken aback by the amount of tax on the sugar molasses and expected it to be two pence per piece at the most because of which they began to then protest in order to remain in business. Apart from this, he also enforced the Currency Act by which he stopped the circulation of paper currency; the Stamp Act as per which taxes were imposed on printed materials; and the Quartering Act by which

Feminism and the Importance of Identity Politics Essay Example for Free

Feminism and the Importance of Identity Politics Essay â€Å"To be feminist in any authentic sense of the term is to want for all people, female and male, liberation from sexist role patterns, domination, and oppression†. Bell Hooks succinctly sums up what it means to be a feminist, and yet when we look to the feminist movement and feminist theorizing today, we see a disturbingly different picture. In a social movement founded on equality for all human beings, the patriarchy and its’ power structures have still made a negative impact in the way this movement is shaped and perpetuated, especially in terms of intersectionality and identity politics. Whose voices are heard? What issues are prioritized? Who is considered a â€Å"true† feminist? When we ask how and why issues of identity and intersectionality are relevant to feminist theorizing, the answer is simple. When the true and complex identities of individuals and social groups are ignored, what forms is a limiting and narrow view inherently oppositional to the movement’s foundation and goals. Essentially, ignoring these issues means perpetuating the oppression the movement itself is trying to fight. What follows is a brief analysis on three reasons why feminists should care about identity and individuals with complex identities: 1) addressing oppressions in a movement dedicated to eliminating all oppression, 2) identifying the negative consequences of elision of difference, and 3) recognizing the real importance of intersectionality in terms of survival in the real world, as opposed to simply theorizing in academics. While the feminist movement is explicitly dedicated to fighting racism and any other types of â€Å"isms†, we see that typically marginalized groups continue to be marginalized within the movement. These groups are well aware of this oppression, yet how often their voices are heard or even considered are slim to none. In a statement from Black feminists part of The Combahee River Collective, it is explained that there was â€Å"the need to develop a p olitics that was anti-racist, unlike those of White women, and anti-sexist, unlike those of Black and white men† (CRC: 59). As members of two oppressed groups in society, Black women face the highest obstacles in their pursuit of complete liberation, especially because of the dominant narrative and voices that have typically commandeered the political movement. As Kimberle Crenshaw purports, â€Å"the need to split one’s political energies between two  sometimes opposing groups is a dimension of intersectional disempowerment that men of color and white women seldom confront† (Crenshaw: 85). The intersectional experience of White women have typically dominated the women’s movement as White women have had more accessibility and opportunity to speak out/theorize academically as opposed to Black women. Thus, the experiences of Black women – which are distinguishably different from the White woman’s are essentially absent from the discussion, an issue that is highly problematic as it points to racism and oppression within a social justice movement (not to mention a limited perspective). Feminist theorists and activists must make sure to account for intersectional experiences in order to avoid this hypocrisy. Specifically, White feminists and activists must understand that their role as genuine activists in the movement mandates a need to be educated and literate in Black history and culture, something that the Combahee River Collective has explicitly called for. As they argue, â€Å"eliminating racism in the white women’s movement is by definition work for white women to do, but we will continue to speak to and demand accountability on this issue† (CRC: 63). Being a conscientious and fully aware member of this movement involves more than addressing intersectionality and racism within the movement. Feminist theorists need to identify the importance of 1) making the personal political, and subsequently 2) avoiding the harmful and common elision of differences between and within groups. These two ideas cannot happen or be fully achieved without the other. The first step requires a great deal of honesty and self-reflection, which may come with some discomfort and pain, a reason that many individuals may avoid this introspection. As Mari Matsuda argues in her article, â€Å"by claiming, exploring, and questioning my own identity in an explicit way, I seek truth, and I seek to encourage my students to do the same† (Matsuda: 75). Feminist theorists must consider the value of truth and justice over any type of discomfort or personal guilt that blocks the path towards complete liberation for all. Just as honesty is crucial in terms of oppression within the movement, it is also key in recognizing privilege. Matsuda supports this idea: â€Å"I do not know of any other politics of social change that works other than the one that asks people to explore deeply their own location on the axes of power† (Matsuda:  76). Once one has a certain amount of self-awareness and recognizes their privilege, only then can they be able to avoid ignoring intragroup differences. Ergo, the White woman cannot fully understand the complexity struggle of a Black woman’s experience in the movement if she does not understand her own privilege over the Black woman within the same movement. While intersectionality is quite real in the day-to-day lives of women, feminist theory has typically categorized identity as a limiting either/or dichotomy between â€Å"woman† or â€Å"person of color†, leaving women of color marginalized. In terms of violence against women, Crenshaw argues that this elision of difference is harmful because it is perpetuating the violence by not fully understanding how multiple dimensions of woman’s identity contribute to her experience. For example, in our society ruled by a racist/patriarchal structure and system, battered women of color face poverty and racially discriminatory employment/housing, thus have a much harder time finding shelter and support. The elision of difference can also be harmful because it poses as a threat to solidarity – ignoring intragroup differences simply continue to raise tension between these sub groups and ultimately harms the progress of the movement, which requires everyone to stand with one another. Lastly, feminist theorists must recognize the importance of intersectionality and identity as transcendent issues that go beyond simply theorizing and play a very real role in the lives of women every day. As Crenshaw argues, â€Å"The struggle over incorporating these differences is not a petty or superficial conflict about who gets to sit at the head of the table. In the context of violence, it is sometimes a deadly serious matter of who will survive and who will not† (Crensaw: 89). The commonly shared assumption that battering is a minority problem, for example, exemplifies the issues with ignoring intersectionality/identity. Battering is a human problem, and if a Latina woman cannot get shelter from a husband threatening to kill her multiple times because she can’t prove she is English-proficient, then something is very wrong. These exclusionary policies are inherently oppositional to the goal of human liberation and the women’s movement, and if feminist theorists do not address this, then not only will real change remain absent, but we will continue to lose the lives  of women around the world. These are human beings that deserve to live and exercise their rights; that deserve to celebrate their multi-dimensional identity, instead of suffer from it because feminist theory and societal structure are ignoring them. Feminist theorists, we need you to be honest with yourselves and your privilege. We need you to address the complexity and beauty of every individual, help use these differences to resist against oppression instead of perpetuate it, and ultimately harness and use the full power of group solidarity to truly and genuinely fight for human liberation.

Definition of Europe in the 21st Century

Definition of Europe in the 21st Century Europe is ringed from Kalingrad in the North, to the Caucasus and Central Asia, to the Balkans by an arc of danger and instability. (EU Commissioner for external relations Christopher Patten, July 2001). Does this mean that at the present time Europe and the European are one and the same thing? Introduction: The European or EU citizen is at the present time becoming synonymous with the definition of the point to where the continent of Europe extends. This seems to be the case with the present reaction to enlargement and the focus on crime from outside the borders of the EU and the fears of crime from the newly integrated countries and from those countries that ring the EU. Enlargement will illustrate the new tiered system in the EU, the newly ascended countries from post-Communist countries, which are viewed as not truly European. Therefore this discussion will illustrate how the definition of what Europe is in the 21st Century has been narrowed from the expanse of the European continent to the membership of the EU; whereby countries are aiming to join this political unit in order to gain legitimacy within the global political and economic structure. Enlargement A Case Study of a Narrow Definition of Europe: Enlargement of the EU is a mixed blessing, because on one hand it is helping to achieve a status of stability and cohesiveness throughout the region. On the other hand, there are concerns that in making the Union larger will in fact de-stabilize the region. This is due to prejudice of certain groups which would have free access in the region, one such group are the Roma Gypsy migrants from Slovakia. In the past few months the newspapers have displayed the concerns of the British public and politicians about these migrants when the nation joins the EU. Therefore this introduces the question whether the EU really respects the integrity of cultural difference? Other problems include the possible de-stabilizing of the economy by incorporating smaller, less affluent countries; marginal and war torn countries; and transitional countries. These countries could also cause the EU problems in regard to its unique approach of ensuring cohesiveness by using the rule of law, because if the EU get s too large it may not be possible any longer to ensure its political and legal stability. Therefore the consistency and coherence that the rule of law ensures is no longer apparent due to the sheer size of the Union. Another problem lies in the fact that smaller nations may not have the legal, political and economic clout to ensure that their agenda is considered. Although previously it has been mentioned that the EUs rule of law acts as a check and balance to more powerful nations, in truth the original countries in the EU were mainly ex-colonial empires. The newer nations that are joining the EU are akin to colonies of a colonial power, therefore there is an inherent imbalance in the Union. However in response to the negative effects of the possible de-stabilization of the region, one must consider that in order to join the Union each nation must have fulfilled the Copenhagen Criteria. This criterion states that each joining nation must be: Be a stable democracy, respecting human rights, the rule of law, and the protection of minorities; have a functioning market economy; adopt the common rules, standards and policies that make up the body of EU law. The EU paints a very enthusiastic picture of enlargement, where the only outcome of enlargement is beneficial. In truth this is a very lopsided picture because of the public outcry against the possible immigration into the original EU states. This can be seen in the article by Cathy Newman in the Financial Times: Britain will throw open its doors to workers from the former communist countries joining the European Union on May 1, but those that refuse to get a job will be denied benefits and thrown out, the government has pledged Tony Blair after months of pressure from the Tories and the right wing press over fears of an influx of immigrants from the former Soviet bloc vowed: If they cant support themselves, they will be put out of the country. This article illustrates the problems that have occurred within one nation over the policy of enlargement. Although the enlargement is supposed to bring together the European region, the public opinion of at least one EU nation is resisting the expansion, in relation to economic migrants migrants which the nation has traditionally refused asylum applications. However these fears may be unfounded because as Kraus Schwager argue that increased migration from East to West EU countries would only occur under the fear of rejection to Union membership. In fact they argue that the EUs expansion will have a beneficial effect on the economy of these smaller nations and this will result in a boost of their economies and job market, hence reducing the amount of migrants from East to West. The conclusion of their article they state that: Policy makers who are, for whatever reason, reluctant to accept large numbers of immigrants should not feel troubled with enlargement. On the contrary, the prospect of joining the EU may well reduce immigration. The economic and social benefits which probably accrue to Eastern Europe from accession should be presented as a means to reducing the incentives to emigrate. Policies which enhance convergence of income levels in eastern and Western Europe, such as the internal market and, possibly, Structural Funds should be promoted. .. In this process, diverging interests of major EU members have created substantial uncertainty about the date and conditions of accession. It is quite plausible that such uncertainty has raised the fear among potential migrants that accession may fail or be postponed for a long time. According to our result, this may have increased immediate immigration. Thus, if immigration is not desirable, for future accession rounds a straightforward and predictable neg otiation process is to be recommended. Hence Kraus Schwager argue that the fears of the right, which have been fed to the public through the media, concerning immigration from the East that will de-stabilize the economy, have no place. This is because the possible migrants would prefer to stay in their homeland with a stronger and growing economy rather than move to another nation. However, although these fears may be unfounded the resistance to these new citizens from the Eastern Europe illustrates the possible de-stabilization of the EU politically. In addition to this it causes problems legally because the cornerstone and the uniqueness of the EU lies within the rule of law and one of the most important laws that is upheld is the Free Movement of EU Citizens, which includes their ability to trade, reside and work in part of the EU. Yet, the accession of the new Eastern European nations has heralded blocks to this ability by many of the original and major EU players. In the UK it has caused a debate because the governme nt was going to allow a free movement of possible immigrants but this has been resisted by the right, as well as members of the public. This is illustrated by the arguments of Michael Howard, leader of the Conservative Party: Mr Howard, seeking to make political capital out of Labours discomfort on the issue, will accuse the Government of complacency over the implications of the EUs expansion in May. This comes as the Government sought to play down fears that Britain would be flooded by migrants seeking work in more prosperous parts of the EU. During a high-profile visit to Burnley, the scene of race riots in2001, Mr Howard will demand that Britain copy the transitional arrangements adopted by Germany and France to prevent citizens from new EU members from working there. Mr Howard will say: The Conservative Party has always supported the enlargement of the EU to take in the former communist countries of Eastern Europe. We continue to do so. But he will continue: Almost every other country in the EU has quite rightly taken the precaution of putting in place transitional arrangements to deal with immigration from the accession countries. It is still not too late for the British Government to put in place transitional arrangements as well. If we were in government, we would do so. The Government has approached this problem in typical fashion. First it failed to address it, then it ignored it, now it is claiming to face up to it. In short the cohesiveness that the EU has claimed will occur with the enlargement has not happened in the expected manner. Ever since enlargement there have been a greater amount of problems combating organized crime, because of decreased security, corruption of public officials in favour of organized crime groups in the newly acceded nations and the breaches of human rights in arrests. Therefore this creates problems for combating organized crime with either prisoners being let off on technicalities, the vastness of places to hide decreasing the effectiveness of policing or the police not interested in fighting organized crime. Kennedy has commented that the EU is committed to justly and fairly fighting organized crime within the realms of human rights and justice; however its weakness is that it relies only on specific domestic member state intelligence: We are being told that Europol and Eurojust the new European body to strengthen collaboration between justice ministries and prosecution services- will only act on specific intelligence. This is to rely on the integrity of the state and its officials [I]t also means relying on the intelligence of other countries and, as I have said before, we have no idea about how this may be collected and by what standards. Justice does not permit shortcuts, but governments will readily pursue quick and dirty solutions to problems if not kept under scrutiny. Therefore by purely relying on only specific intelligence this will reduce the effectiveness of the fight against organized crime, especially when there is the added problem of corrupt post-communist regimes that have joined the EU after enlargement; whereby the true European, i.e. the EU citizen needs to be protected especially those original member states which define the true Europe.

Conflict Induced Internal Displacement & The Shifting Gender Dynamics E

Internal displacement is an issue that affects regions around the world. Countries ravaged by civil wars, government oppression, human rights abuse or other internal conflicts produce the mass displacement of persons (referred to as IDPs) to other parts of the country seeking refuge (Knox and Marston,108-109, 2010). Within the context of Colombia this paper will first explore the economic challenges that IDPs must face and discuss how these challenges effect displaced women. It will then discuss how the gendered division of labor in the household impacts these geographies of displacement. Lastly, it will examine the link between the urban environment, and shifting gender dynamics within the context of internal displacement. Colombia provides a good case study from which to examine the issue of internal displacement, because Latin America is the world region with the second most severe IDP situations, Africa being number one (Knox and Marston,108-109, 2010). Colombia in particular has a dramatically high number of IDPs, accounting for up to 8.6% of Colombia’s total population (Carrillo,529, 2009). The capital city of Bogotà ¡ has the largest population of IDPs in the country, approximated to be 244,184 (Carrillo,530, 2009).These high numbers are a result of the Guerrillas and paramilitaries targeting rural civilians by way of â€Å"arbitrary killings, looting, and destruction of property† in order to take control of their land for economic and political benefit and in order to possess strategic territory (Knox and Marston,108-109, 2010). The civilians being targeted usually move from their homes in these war stricken rural areas to urban areas elsewhere in the country (usually determined by geograph... ...s, suppl. Displacement, 2009: 527-546. Eschenbà ¤cher, Jens-Hagen. "The Global Internal Displacement Crisis: Recent Developments and Perspectives for An Improved International Response." Refugee Survey Quarterly, 2005: 49-60. Escobar, Nora Segura. "Colombia: A New Century, an Old War, and More." International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 2000: 107-127. Knox, Paul L, and Sallie A Marston. Places and Regions in Global Context: Human Geography. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc., 2010. Monserrat, Silvia Inà ©s , et al. "Values and attitudes towards women in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico." Employee Relations, 2009: 227-244. Mooney, Erin. "THE CONCEPT OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT." Refugee Survey Quarterly, 2005: 9-26. Winders, Jamie. August 31, 2011. GEO 171. Winders, Jamie. October 5, 2011. "Population Geographies: Migration". GEO 171.