Changes in Roles and Responsibilities of Nurses in the Moder

Changes in Roles and Responsibilities of Nurses in the Moder Nursing staff have seen their roles and responsibilities change considerably within the modernisation of the NHS, but is this a good thing? There are some big changes in the nursing field in the last 50 years such as, uniform, salaries, job demand, the roles of nurses, the different roles for men and women nurses, the technology used, Litigation and Documentation, Holistic Care and patient load. Nurses are becoming more popular and demanding in all sorts of different working environments such as, working in nursing homes, hospitals, home help, travel nurse, school nurse and more. Years ago, nurses were seen just as little more than helpers or assistants for doctors. Today in 2010, nurses are health care professionals in their own right. They are bright, capable, and often have a clearer picture of the overall situation than the doctors they work alongside with. Nursing has not only changed on the face of it but the background work of a nurse has changed to, for example the education given to nurses, the scope of policies and practice, the structures of nurses and the principles of the care of the patient. People are lead to believe that the modernisation of the NHS will be beneficial to the care of the patient, but is this really the case? Due to the increasingly shortage of nurses, they have learned to be more independent which is an outstanding way to increase skills and keep up to date with the new trends in health care. As well as nursing changing, health care in general has changed too. Within the modernisation of the NHS and nursing the care of the patients is still the everlasting goal. This means that there is more work for the nurses, which then has a knock on affect leading to less satisfaction of patient care. Although the NHS and government are doing their best to modernize nursing with the patients interests are heart, it seems like there is less time for care due to time, but more time for paperwork. The Department of Health has laid down certain policy initiatives, targets and structural and organizational changes that can improve the quality of care received by patients through the NHS. These changes are emphasized along with the need for multi-agency and multi-organizational collaborative working acros s disciplinary boundaries. The four key interfaces for which collaboration and coordination measures are being suggested are health and social care; general medical and community health services; primary and secondary care; and interface with carers (DoH, 1996). The education of nurses now days are a lot more intense and harder than it was 10 years ago. Over the last 10 years, there has been a gradual shift for the education and training of nurses. Currently all nurses have to be trained to a degree university level before they can practice as a fully qualified nurse. Opportunities for nurses have increased by large, with one training opportunity being through the internet although this method of training has to be approved by the NHS. On the other hand, years ago nurses only had to have a diploma or LPNS. Now days all nurses have to attend and complete continuing education courses to keep up to date with the new trends and information used in the current day. In addition to the higher and more advanced education, which nurses now have to have, there comes an increases scope of practice. In the current worlds, nurses are doing more and going places that in the past they would not be allowed to have done. The scope of practice is an expression used for various professions that define the procedures, actions, and processes that are allowed to be used and practiced. In the health care profession, there are many different jobs with very different defined scope of practice laws and regulations. These include nursing, social workers, speech and language pathology,  audiologists,  training, radiography,  nuclear medicine, dentists, surgeons, paramedics, physicians and many more. In the interest of the patients, it is a good thing that nurses are allowed to do more and more as there are more doctors than nurses, so the patients may be seen quicker, but on the other hand, it is not a good thing as nurses are doing more and maybe caring for th e patient need and wished less. Nowadays in hospitals, the wards are not gender mixed although the nurses are gender mixed between wards. The stereotypical roles of a nurse have change a lot since the 1990s. There are more male nurses but still not enough. However although there are still not enough male nurses, the female domination of nurses is slowly decreasing and now more men are entering the caring profession. For patients the more male nurses is a good thing because some patients i.e. men prefer to be treated by a man. For example, a man may like to be washed by a man and not a woman for dignity reasons. In addition, for years, the majority of nursing was thought of as a female profession but every year more and more males are joining the nursing profession. Nowadays being a male nurse does not have a stigma attached to it and is now seen as a very good career. The demand of nurses now in 2010 is by large massive. The NHS is always asking for more nurses. When the baby boom started there was a very large need for nurses but as the baby boom is decreasing now there is time and money for improvement of standards of living and disease control, our citizens are living longer. As the general population increases, so too does the demand for nurses. Now more than ever nurses are overworked but with the increasingly shortage of nurses they have to work harder and longer hours, which again is not benefiting the patients. Because of the nursing demand and staff shortage, staffs are taking more sick days due to excessive stress and lack of sleep and self-time. This is because nursing is very demanding on a person not just mentally but physically too. This is seriously compromising the NHS. In 2010 compared to 1980, there is a lot more technology for nurses to use and to be trained to use. Nurses today have to keep up to date with a lot more technology than a nurse 50 years would have had to. Technology can be seen as a good gadget and as a bad gadget, because not only do nurses have to provide basic and skilled care, they also have to learn how to work with many types of equipment that are specific to their area of expertise. The more popular piece of technology used every day by a nurse is a computer. Nurses use them every day as a way to document the care given to a patient. Although new technology is a good advantage for health care, it has its negatives, for example training the staff to use it costs a lot of money, but on the other hand, it can save lifes. Other important technology that is used every day that benefits a patient is, air mattresses as they help to prevent DVTs and assistance with IV insertion which has made things a lot simpler. All of the new high tech equipment being simplified is for user- friendliness, which means that the new methods are speeding things up. Lastly, infection control plays a big part in the NHS every day, so new technology is being developed all the time, although the basic hand washing procedures remain very much the same. There are many different approaches to nursing care, one being the holistic care. This type of care has become more and more popular. The commutations between the Health and Allied Health services improving, a total Patient Care Model has come about. Resulting in decreased in-patient times and better health outcomes. The holistic care has been seen more popular within the complementary therapies and concepts. The patient load that a nursed has is massive. In America, there was a debate about the amount of patients under care of nurses. In 1999, the debate was won and there was a cap of the amount of patients allowed under care of one nurse. The results have been very effective from happier staff and better care for patients. There should be a cap in the UK. The changes of nursing over the last 10 years have been welcomed with open arms, but there are still teething problems and views that need to be heard. Optimal patient care is in a constant battle with budget and we can expect to see new policy reforms, new technology, and new demands created in the decade to come. It remains the responsibility of not only the nurses, but also the patients of the future, to voice their opinions in order to guide the Industry in the right direction. Nurses are now expected to come with a bigger patents load but more paper work as well. The importance of the paper work has increases over the last 10 years. This is due to the society that we now live in as it has been raised to need someone to blame for everything. As a nurse or doctor there are many emotional people around you every day as people are dying all the time. Therefore, sometimes people sue the nurses and doctors as they are upset and think the person died due to the NHSs fault. Following this, nurses and doctors keep finding themselves in court. Even if they have not done anything, all allegations have to be investigated. This is the reason for paperwork there is to write up. Paperwork is the only solid setting stone and proof/ backup of a nurses care. A nurse is required to document every blood pressure reading, every medication, every incident, and every day. They have to  account  for every action, and put it all in writing. The problem with documentation is th at it takes time. More time for documentation means less time for patients. Plain and simple. The polices that nurses have to follow are very similar across the whole world. In Australia, the no-lift policy was introduced in the late 1990s. To date the policy is still used and the nurses are trained using this policy. No-Lift means using Lifting Machines to mobilise patients, using slide sheets to manoeuvre them around the bed and promoting back care in general. Although this concept is yet to be adopted in the UK, the benefits are becoming obvious and discussions have begun on the implementation of a similar policy in the UK. There are many different types of nurses that work in the community and in the hospitals. These can range from, Adult nurses, mental health nurses, Childrens nurses, Learning disability nurses, District nurses, Neonatal nursing, Health visitors, Practice nurses, Prison nurses, School nurses and Healthcare assistants. There are also many different levels to being a nurse. A health care assistant is under a nurse, and then you have staff nurses, then sisters and ward sisters and then nurse manager/ matron. All in all these all make up our NHS and work as a team to provide the best possible care for the patient. There is a large scale of pay, which starts at around  £13,000 to  £67,000. The above table shows how the NHS works. The last 40 years nurses uniform has changed but not that much. In the 1960s nurses still wore dresses and stocking .In the 1970†²s more changes came to the way nurses dressed. Dresses were a little shorter and the white caps were beginning to lose importance in some hospitals across the country. In the 1980†²s there was an end of the nursing caps altogether. Nurses also began wearing disposable aprons at this point rather than cloth aprons and medical facilities became much less militant in regards to restrictions on jewellery and cosmetics. During the 1990†²s and today, nursing dresses have been replaced with much more user-friendly scrub suits. Scrub suits can be found in a wide variety of colours and styles. Some hospitals have specific scrub suit colours for different types of hospital staff and others allow nurses and other staff to choose colours and styles that appeal to them. Todays nursing uniforms are designed more for function than form but are also conside red much more comfortable than those worn throughout history are. There are many different theories towards nursing. The three main ones are needs based theories. The main point being that the focus of nursing is the assessment and care of the patients / clients needs, which they are unable to meet for themselves. The second theory is interactions theories. The main point of this being the focus of nursing is the relationship between the nurse and the patient / client. Lastly, the other theory is the goal-based theories. The main point again being that the focus of nursing is the outcome and emphasis is placed on facilitating the ability of the patient / client to adapt to changes in their health and regain stability and harmony. Today in the NHS nursing takes on a role of the biomedical model. The biomedical model has been around since the mid- nineteenth century as the most common model used to diagnose diseases. The biomedical model states that All illness and symptoms arise from underlying abnormality in the body, all diseases give rise to symptoms and that health is absence of disease. The model overlooks the fact that the diagnosis is a result of commutation between doctor and patient. Biomedical model has no doubt led to huge medical advances although the patient has little responsibility for presence /cause of illness. In conclusion, the changes in roles and responsibilities of nurses in the modernisation of the NHS can beneficial towards the patients but can also be damaging towards the patients. This is due to lack of staff and increased working hours, more paperwork, and more tasks that a nurse has to do and there are generally more patients now than 10 years ago. Therefore, a nurse has less time caring for the patients needs. On the other hand, the modernisation is seen as a good thing because there is more technology nowadays to make the nurses life easier, which also get a more persist result. Within the context of policies and procedures there are no many more rules than year ago, which does make a nurses life maybe easier but maybe harder. With all of these changes to nurses and the NHS in general, is the modernization is good thing, does it have the patients interests are heart or is it about saving money?

Carlos Ghosn Leader of Nissan and Renault

Individual Term Paper Case 11: Carlos Ghosn: Multicultural Leader as CEO of Nissan and Renault Executive Summary Leadership is the ability to influence others to achieve a common goal. Culture is the values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that are passed from generation to generation. Strategy is the choices an organization makes on how they will operate and differentiate themselves from competitors. All of these three variables (leadership, culture and strategy) make up the formula for successful performance of a firm: P=f (L+C+S).A firm’s successful performance depends on strong leadership, adaptability to any culture, and a strong strategy. Leadership, Culture and Strategy all need to work hand-in-hand for an organization to be successful and achieve their goals. The problem many mangers face is the ability to have a Global Mindset, adapt to many different cultures, and have the flexibility to make adjustments in any situation. Carlos Ghosn, a French businessman, bo rn in Brazil to Lebanese parents, became the CEO of both Renault and Nissan. Carlos was a successful and effective leader because he had a Global Mindset.Carlos knew how to listen, kept his promises, encouraged, motivated, and instilled a sense of urgency in the Japanese workers. Carlos Ghosn was able to turnaround Nissan from $254 million in losses and a debt of $19 billion. Even though he was not Japanese and faced many challenges, he was able to revive the ailing Japanese automobile company, Nissan, within two years. While in Japan, Carlos Ghosn made culture a priority, was able to adapt to the Japanese culture, and even received praises from the Japanese workers and public.Carlos Ghosn’s strategy of forming cross-functional teams among the Japanese workers was hard at first due to their resistance; but the teams ended up bringing much success to the revival of Nissan, while also being the CEO of Renault. Carlos Ghosn, CEO of Renault and Nissan, is a perfect example of the formula for successful performance of a firm: P=f (L+C+S). Therefore, I recommend that all managers make culture a priority. In order for a firm to have successful performance in an organization, there should be a strong combination of leadership, culture, and strategy.Managers must be able to have a combination of all three to be able to run a company successfully in a foreign country. Leadership is culturally contingent; so being able to adapt to any culture will shape a managers leadership style, strateg and the mission and vision of an organization. Leadership, Culture & Strategy Leadership is the ability to influence others to achieve a common goal. Leadership is also the ability to influence people’s way of thinking, their attitudes, and their behaviors. Leadership is culturally-contingent; culture influences leadership in many ways.In order to motivate others, a leader needs to understand the needs, goals, value systems, and expectations of the people; no matter their culture or background. No single style of leadership works for every culture, country, or situation. The perception of what makes a successful leader varies from one culture to another. A leader is responsible for running the entire organization and has the responsibility of deciding what leadership style to use in each of the countries they are working in. An effective leader successfully carries out the mission and vision of the organization.For an organization to achieve their goals, effective leadership is crucial. Effective leaders know about the global business world, are able to adapt to any culture, and are organization-savvy. Effective loaders have a Global Mindset; a more flexible style of leadership that can be applied to any organization anywhere in the world. Carlos Ghosn, CEO of both French Renault and Japanese Nissan, was a successful leader with a Global Mindset. Carlos knew how to motivate his employees and knew how to work with multicultural teams.Motivation and l eadership is affected by cultural, societal, and political variables. Culture also affects the mission and vision of the organization. Culture is the values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that are passed from generation to generation. Culture is what the people in a particular society believe, follow, and pass on from generation to generation, think, want and would like to achieve. Culture influences how people behave, what they expect from leaders, what kind of influence the leader will have, and what kind of leadership style a manager should follow.Not all cultures can be motivated in the same way. Managers need to know everything they can about a culture so they can use the best leadership style applicable to that culture. Managers will need to adjust their leadership style to accommodate the norms, attitudes, and other variables within the culture. It is very important for the managers of an organization to understand the culture of the country they will be working in. They have to learn and study the language, behaviors, body language, religion, politics, government, etc.Culture influences negotiations, the decision-making process, agreements, concessions, the way information is perceived, and the way business is handled. Lack of in-depth knowledge of a country’s culture could lead to failure, loss of money and time, unhappy employees, and a broken contract for an organization. Culture also affects the strategy an organization chooses for competitive advantage over competitors. An organization’s strategy is how they wish to compete in the business world. Strategy is the choices an organization makes on the way they will operate and differentiates themselves from the competitors.Leadership and motivation are very important factors in implementing a successful strategy in an organization. An organization’s strategy will give them the competitive advantage in the global business world. The Power of the 3 The formula for successf ul performance of a firm is P=f (L+C+S). A firm is able to perform due to the Leadership, Culture and Strategy of the organization and is dependent on the three. In order for a firm to be successful, leadership, culture and strategy must work hand-in-hand for the organization to achieve their goals.Leadership is dependent on Culture, Culture influences Leadership and the Strategy helps the organization have a competitive advantage over competitors. All three go hand-in-hand for a firm to achieve success. Without effective leadership, a culture will not be able to put their strategy to work. Not all leadership styles will work in all cultures. Cultural variables (values, work norms, locus of control, etc) affects everyone involved and shapes the leadership role. Managers need to make adjustments to their leadership styles depending on the country they are working in.They must adjust their leadership behaviors according to the norms, attitudes and variables in the society. All three v ariables (leadership, culture, and strategy) are necessary for an organization to work and be successful. Case Analysis: Carlos Ghosn Carlos Ghosn, CEO of both Nissan and Renault, became a successful French businessman, an effective global leader, and a multicultural manager because of his strong leadership skills, culture adaptability, and strong strategy. Carlos Ghosn was able to revive Nissan from $254 million in losses and a debt of $19 billion within two years.Carlos’ success was due to the un-Japanese changes he brought to the Japanese company, by persuading Japanese workers to accept change, and by implementing a sense of â€Å"urgency† in them. Carlos Ghosn motivated the employees, established high goals, and made responsibility clear to all levels of workers. Carlos Ghosn expected the Japanese workers to participate in the decision-making process, took their suggestions, lifted morale, and did not accept any excuses from them; only solutions. Carlos Ghosn, an effective but unconventional leader, was simple, straightforward, and transparent.Carlos Ghosn’s transparency made him an effective leader. Carlos Ghosn was an un-Japanese manager running a Japanese company; while still being the CEO of the French company Renault. Carlos faced many challenges because he knew nothing about Japan, their culture, or their language. Carlos made cultural diversity a priority by attending all Japanese events, by stressing face-to-face meetings with Japanese workers, by listening to all employees, and by respecting the Japanese culture. He avoided blending the French and Japanese cultures and appreciated the differences in the cultures.He made bold decisions, shook the hands of the Japanese workers even though it was against their culture, made English the official language, and even had to hire a bodyguard when the environment was tense at the Japanese & French company headquarters. Carlos Ghosn was more concerned with making the companies profitab le; rather than being culturally sensitive Carlos Ghosn’s strategy was cross-functional teams. Even though it was hard to form cross-functional teams among the Japanese workers because of their resistance, Carlos explained why they were necessary and how they would bring overall benefits to the company.Cross-functional teams were formed and Carlos made them all responsible and accountable for their actions. All Japanese workers were involved in the revival of Nissan and the Japanese workers began accepting and trusting Carlos Ghosn. The revival of Nissan was a success because every worker was involved and Japanese workers knew they had a voice at Nissan. Conclusion In conclusion, Carlos Ghosn and his successful revival of Nissan, is a great example of the formula for firm performance: P=f (L+C+S).Carlos was a strong, effective leader and a mutlticultural expert whose innovative management practices brought him much success both at Nissan and Renault. A firm’s performan ce is contingent of Leadership, Culture and Strategy. Above all, Culture has the most influence over Leadership. Culture shapes the leadership style, mission, vision, and strategy of an organization. A manager needs to be ready to adapt and adjust to any culture or situation to be successful. An effective leader is one who has a strong leadership style that can adapt to any culture and has a strong strategy to implement.

The Native Americans By Howard Zinn And Arthur Schlesinger

In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue is a nursery rhyme that can be heard repeated incessantly by elementary school students in America. It is used to help them remember when Christopher Columbus made his journey to the New World. Something that is conveniently left out of this nursery rhyme is how Columbus lead to the genocide of over a million Native Americans. Columbus is a villain that lead to the genocide of so many Native Americans. Howard Zinn and Arthur Schlesinger both evaluate Columbus’s role in the genocide of the Native Americans, however Zinn provides much better evidence, thus making his article the better of the two. In his article Was America a Mistake, Arthur Schlesinger begins by addressing the view of Columbus and how it has drastically changed between the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. People went from viewing Columbus as a hero, to viewing him as the biggest villain in American history. It is made very clear throughout Schlesinger s article that he believes it is unnecessary to label Columbus as a villain, due to the good that he brought to the New World. He makes it known when he describes an exchange he had with the former prime minister of Cuba Fidel Castro, â€Å"I asked Fidel Castro how he looks on the impending quincentennial. He replied, ‘We are critical. Columbus brought many bad things.’ I said ‘If it weren t for Columbus, you wouldn t be here.’ Castro said ‘Well, Columbus brought good things as well as bad’† (Schlesinger) This

Music Therapy For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

There is an art in this world that we live in, which could possibly help a person who is autistic to cope with everyday functions in life. This special kind of creativity can help some children on the autism spectrum with regulating behaviors, help them cope with anxieties and frustration, and improve focus and attention. This art may also help a child to socially interact with their peers. May also help a non-verbal child to open up and begin to communicate, whether it would be verbally or non verbally (New Hope for Autism: Music Therapy for Children with Autism and Asperger s Syndrome). Now imagine that you were a parent who has a child with deficits such as these and has tried numerous treatments with no beneficial results. You would be ecstatic to hear this information and would want to know what this art is and how to receive it. Music therapy is the art that will be discussed in this paper and the beneficial effects it has on children on the autism spectrum. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or Autism is a developmental disorder that affects a person’s everyday life. Some deficits may include communication (verbal and nonverbal), social interaction, and repetitive behavior. People with ASD may also show signs of motor coordination issues, intellectual disability, and physical health issues. â€Å"There are 1 in 68 American children on the spectrum (What Is Autism?).† Parents are always trying to find treatments that may help relieve these children from their symptoms.Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Music Therapy On Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay2292 Words   |  10 PagesFrom 1997 to about 2007 the number of children with autism spectrum disorder has increase from 42,517 to about 258,305 and has risen since (Reschke-Hernà ¡ndez, 2011). With this rise of children who have autism, the rise of music therapy has since appeared greatly. When music therapy was first documented, the music was used in both group and ind ividual settings. 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